Geopolitics in the 21st Century
Page 5 – India’s Foreign Policy Doctrine & Strategic Autonomy

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India’s foreign policy in the 21st century is guided by the principle of strategic autonomy. Rather than aligning exclusively with any major power bloc, India seeks to maintain independent decision-making while promoting national interests.

🧭 Strategic Autonomy

• Independent policy decisions without external pressure.
• Balancing relations with US, Russia, EU and regional powers.
• Participation in multiple forums without formal alliances.

Insight: Strategic autonomy is the modern evolution of non-alignment.

🏘 Neighbourhood First Policy

• Strengthening regional cooperation in South Asia.
• Connectivity and infrastructure initiatives.
• Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

Exam Focus: Importance of stable neighbourhood for economic and security interests.

🌊 Indo-Pacific Strategy

• Ensuring free and open maritime routes.
• Cooperation through Quad framework.
• Promoting rules-based international order.

Why It Matters: Maritime security directly affects trade and energy flows.

 Multipolar Diplomacy

• Engagement with BRICS, G20 and global institutions.
• Advocacy for Global South representation.
• Economic diplomacy and trade diversification.

Message: India supports a balanced and inclusive multipolar world order.

✍ Mains Answer Framework

Introduction: Evolution of India’s foreign policy from non-alignment to strategic autonomy.

Body: Neighbourhood First + Indo-Pacific strategy + Multipolar engagement + Economic diplomacy.

Conclusion: India as a stabilizing force in global geopolitics.

“Strategic autonomy allows India to cooperate widely while committing selectively.”

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Prepared by Shaktimatha Learning
Diplomatic Insight | Strategic Balance | Examination Excellence