Special Topic 1: Governance & Policy Framework (Page 3)

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 Constitutional Provisions

• Article 21 – Right to Life (Judicial interpretation includes right to clean environment)
• Article 48A – Directive Principle for protection and improvement of environment
• Article 51A(g) – Fundamental duty of citizens to protect the environment

These provisions establish environmental protection as both a right and a responsibility.

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⚖ Environmental Governance in India

• Environmental Protection Act, 1986
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• National Green Tribunal (NGT)

Strong legal frameworks exist, but enforcement remains a major challenge.

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Global Framework

• Paris Agreement
• UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Climate Finance Mechanisms

International cooperation is essential for addressing global environmental challenges.

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📊 Policy Challenges

• Lack of coordination between departments
• Limited public participation
• Urban-rural disparity in environmental monitoring
• Weak implementation at local levels

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 Way Forward (Policy Perspective)

• Strengthening institutional capacity
• Data-driven environmental monitoring
• Community participation in governance
• Promoting renewable energy and sustainable practices

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Mains Relevance:
GS-2 (Governance), GS-3 (Environment), GS-4 (Ethical responsibility), Essay

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 Published by Shaktimatha Learning
Governance & Sustainability Series