Special Topic 2 – Virus & Biotechnology
Scientific Foundation & Core Concepts

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What is a Virus?

A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that can replicate only inside a living host cell. Unlike bacteria, viruses are not considered fully living organisms because they cannot reproduce independently.

• Contain genetic material (DNA or RNA)
• Surrounded by protein coat
• Depend on host cell machinery for replication

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🦠 Virus vs Bacteria

• Viruses require host cells; bacteria can live independently.
• Bacteria are single-celled living organisms (prokaryotes).
• Antibiotics work against bacteria but not viruses.

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🧬 What is Biotechnology?

Biotechnology involves the use of biological systems and organisms to develop products and technologies for health, agriculture, and industry.

• Genetic Engineering
• Vaccine Development
• Gene Therapy
• CRISPR Technology

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 Why is this Important for Exams?

• Science & Technology section (UPSC Prelims)
• Health Governance (Mains)
• Ethics & Biosecurity discussions
• Current affairs linkage (pandemics, vaccines)

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 Core Insight:

Viruses challenge humanity, Biotechnology empowers humanity.

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🌿 Special Topic Series by Shaktimatha Learning
Advanced Science for Competitive Excellence