Indian Freedom Struggle – Conceptual Analysis (Page 2)
Rise of Nationalism & INC Formation | Shaktimatha Learning
Rise of Nationalism in India
By the late 19th century, a sense of nationalism began to emerge in India. This was driven by economic exploitation, political awareness, and the spread of modern education.
- Growth of educated middle class
- Impact of Western political ideas
- Development of press and communication
- Common grievances against British rule
Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)
The Indian National Congress (INC) was established in 1885 as a political platform for Indians to express their demands and grievances.
- Founded by A.O. Hume
- First session held in Bombay
- W.C. Bonnerjee was the first President
Moderates – Approach & Ideology
Moderates believed in constitutional methods and peaceful dialogue with the British government to bring reforms.
- Petitions and resolutions
- Faith in British justice
- Gradual reforms
Extremists – Assertive Nationalism
Extremists rejected moderate methods and demanded immediate self-rule (Swaraj) through mass participation and strong resistance.
- Boycott and Swadeshi
- Mass mobilization
- National pride and self-reliance
Partition of Bengal (1905) – Turning Point
The partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905 intensified nationalist sentiments and led to widespread protests across India.
- Trigger for mass movements
- Beginning of Swadeshi Movement
- Strengthened unity among Indians
Exam Focus
- INC → First political platform
- Moderates vs Extremists → Key difference
- 1905 → Major turning point
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