🩸 Special Topic – Human Biology & Health
Blood Groups
Page 1: Basics, Discovery & Classification
1. What Are Blood Groups?
Blood groups are classifications of human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens determine how the immune system reacts during blood transfusion.
If incompatible blood is transfused, the immune system may attack the foreign blood cells, leading to serious or even fatal reactions.
2. Discovery of Blood Groups
The modern understanding of blood groups began in 1901 when Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system.
- He observed agglutination (clumping) of blood when mixed incorrectly
- His discovery made safe blood transfusion possible
- He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1930)
3. Basis of Blood Group Classification
Blood groups are determined by:
- Antigens present on red blood cells
- Antibodies present in blood plasma
The interaction between antigens and antibodies decides compatibility during transfusion.
🅰️ 4. ABO Blood Group System
The ABO system classifies blood into four main groups:
| Blood Group | Antigen on RBC | Antibody in Plasma |
|---|---|---|
| A | A antigen | Anti-B |
| B | B antigen | Anti-A |
| AB | A and B antigens | None |
| O | None | Anti-A and Anti-B |
➕➖ 5. Rh Factor (Positive & Negative)
The Rh system is based on the presence or absence of the D antigen.
- Rh Positive (Rh+): D antigen present
- Rh Negative (Rh−): D antigen absent
Combining ABO and Rh systems gives blood types like A+, B−, O+, AB− etc.
Karl Landsteiner’s discovery of blood groups made modern surgery, trauma care, and blood banks possible.
➡️ Continue to Page 2: ABO–Rh Compatibility & Universal Donor/Recipient
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